Gang Violence in Society Essay - 2400 Words

What Should Be Done About Gang Violence In Society? Many people in our society do not think that anything bad will ever happen to them. These people always hear about the issues and problems that are in the world today, but never think they will take place close to home. Gang violence is a major problem in our society today that takes place in many different areas of the world. If nothing is done soon, gang violence could take place in our neighborhoods. Gang violence is a big problem in our society today. MW Klein, a gang researcher, says that gangs are an aggregation of youths who perceive themselves as distinct, and that are viewed as distinct by the community. Klein also states that the gangs call forth a consistently†¦show more content†¦Movies can have a negative effect on youth (Synder). Movies and other media may serve as control systems for the working through of psychological and social conflicts. Many of the youthful audiences may experience and carry out their inner conflicts, desires, and fears, within the managed forms of the motion picture (Synder). Robert K. Ressler, a criminologist, explains that some families act as if they are in another world and their behaviors unfold independent of the quality of neighborhoods, poverty, class, relations, crime, or any other factor. Poor family socialization is the final cause of criminality (Singer). Gangs are a visual symbol of deprived families. They tend to grow in isolation from the surrounding social world (Singer).John J. Dilulio Jr., a criminologist, states that social factors range from family life to economic issues, program funding, and cultural changes (Hutson). A problem that is usually associated with gangs is the use of drugs. Anglin Hutson of Nations Cities Weekly, stated that drug, gang connection is often cited, but many researchers believe this activity is overstated. Most street gangs are not efficient or sophisticated drug distributions (Klein). Klein goes on to say that members of gangs are normally arrested for c rimes such as burglary, assault, fighting, vandalism, homicide, and extortion. There has been a link from recent evidence between inner-city gang members and drug traffic, states Professor Dr.Show MoreRelatedUnderstanding Gang Violence And Its Effects On Society2398 Words   |  10 PagesUnderstanding Gang Violence Gang violence is an issue that has existed for many years and a problem that continues to exist in our society today. According to, The National Gang Center, there is no clear way to define a gang, but one thing that characterizes a gang is a shared identity usually linked to a name or symbol. There are many different types of gangs but I want to focus on the â€Å"street† gangs, the gangs that we encounter on a more frequent basis within our communities. In 2007, there wereRead MoreGang Violence Essay987 Words   |  4 Pages In society most people feel safe and do not have a sense of urgency that something appalling will transpire around them. Although these people may hear about the surplus of current events going on around the world today that may be abysmal they tend to not care because they perceive that it will not arise around their home. Gang violence in youths is a prominent problem around numerous portions of the world today. Youths are forced to go along with th e engagements taken place in the gang whichRead MoreThe Sociological Theory Of A Gang Membership And Gang Violence1615 Words   |  7 Pagesyears gang membership and gang violence have increased. Why are the youth in America turning to gangs and why has violence increased within the gangs? Is it based on their socioeconomic status within their neighborhood? Is it the need to belong? Is it the need to establish who is in control of the neighborhood? Or is it the lack of good parental role models within the home? The sociological theory that I’m basing my research on is functionalism. Functionalism is a framework that defines society as aRead MoreViolence Tends To Threaten The Organization Of Society.1648 Words   |  7 PagesViolence tends to threaten the organization of society. In today’s society violence is permeated in almost every aspect of our daily lives. Violence in our society enters our homes, workplace, and schools and especially in the media. Violence is t he intentional action or inaction causing physical, sexual and psychological injury, including battering, pornography, sexual assault, incest, child abuse and sexual harassment. Advertisers use sex to get our attention and they make claims about their product’sRead MoreViolence Is An Everyday Act That We Have Seen In Society,1588 Words   |  7 PagesViolence is an everyday act that we have seen in society, and in result has become a problem. Gang violence, on the other hand, has been a social problem of violence for decades in the United States. In particular, it has been a serious problem in California that is has been known to be the â€Å"gang capital† in the United States, and a problem in a local scale. According to â€Å"FBI.org† , there are over 33,000 violent street gangs, motorcycle gangs, and prison gangs(FBI, 2015). Consequently, this bringsRead MoreStreet Gangs : Americas Growing Problem1056 Words   |  5 PagesStreet Gangs: Americas’ Growing Problem Gangs have increasingly become a serious problem over the past few decades. A report from the FBI’s 2011 National Gang threat assessment states that there are 1.4 million active gang members comprising of more than 33,000 gangs in the United States. This growth migration of gangs has had a negative effect on our youth. Gang violence causes fear and changes how kids behave in school. In a poll of 2,000 teenagers, â€Å"the respondents reported that their fearsRead MoreThe Role of Law Enforcement in Curbing Gang Violence1041 Words   |  4 Pagesis to prevent gang activity. Gang activity is certainly not a new phenomenon, but has been part of human history since Ancient Times (Rome, Greece, the Middle Ages, etc.). In most countries, gang violence patterns the sociological development of society and the evolution of criminal activity - as criminal activity becomes more sophisticated, so do gang activities. While most sociological theories tie gang behavior to youth violence, one can trace a number of changes in gang violence to the way organizedRead More Influence Of Gangs Essay1059 Words   |  5 Pages Gang Culture has increasingly become a subculture for many teenage youths. Mainly minority teens, these social outcast are often have no real economic stability and no parental supervision or guidance. As a result, teenagers often rebel and seek comfort in gangs. These gangs provide what is lacking in their lives, a sense of belonging. Minorities are often stereotyped and criticized, especially minorities born into poverty. They are condemned simply because they are not of the same race or of theRead MoreInfluence of Gangs Essay1072 Words   |  5 PagesBy: Susanna Lee E-mail: lees@student.ucr.edu Gang Culture has increasingly become a subculture for many teenage youths. Main minority teens, these social outcast are often have no real economic stability and no parental supervision or guidance. As a result, teenagers often rebel and seek comfort in gangs. These gangs provide what is lacking in their lives, a sense of belonging. Minorities are often stereotyped and criticized, especially minorities born into poverty. They are condemned simplyRead MoreA Summary On The Gang1100 Words   |  5 Pages2015 MS-13 Gang To be considered violent, you must know what violence is. Violence is the behavior with the intention of physically causing damage, pain, or some sort of physical action that would cause harm to someone else. When people are violent, they can form groups. These groups are usually gangs. Some of the most deadly and violent gangs are Los Zetas, Aryan Brotherhood, Latin Kings, and the most violent Mara Salvatrucha, or MS-13 (Erkan). Mara Salvatrucha is a transnational gang that has been

MRI Contrast Agents Free Essays

â€Å"MRI contrast is used for a variety of reasons.   Primarily, it is used to improve the detection of disease; that is, to increase sensitivity and diagnostic confidence, to enhance the ability to differentiate normal and abnormal tissue; and to identify the extent of the disease† (Muroff, 2001). Contrast agents are chemical substances used in anatomical or functional imaging for the purpose of increasing visual differences between normal and abnormal tissue. We will write a custom essay sample on MRI Contrast Agents or any similar topic only for you Order Now    These chemical substances are used to alter relaxation times.   Contrast agents are classified by changes in relaxation times after injection. There are six main categories of MRI contrast agents: Gastrointestinal, Intravenous, Intravascular (blood pool), Tumor-specific, and Reticuloendothelial contrast agents. Within the Gastrointestinal contrast agent category, there two subcategories: Positive and Negative contrast agents. Positive contrast agents cause a reduction in T1 relaxation times.   These agents appear brightly on images.   They may contain Manganese, Iron or Gadolinium as active elements. Positive contrast agents have three classifications: Paramagnetic agents, short T1-relaxation agents, and a combination of the two. Paramagnetic contrast agents have magnetic centers which create magnetic fields.   These fields interact with water protons, and have a larger effect on relaxation rates.   They include ferric chloride and gadolinium, which cause T1 and T2 shortening.   In low concentrations, T1 shortening holds the domination of the intensity of the signal.   In high concentrations, T2 shortening causes the signal to decrease.   At mid-level concentration, T1 and T2 shortening show an increase in the signal on T1 weighted images, and decreased the signal on T2 weighted images. Short T1-relaxation agents include mineral oil and oil emulsions.   In these agents, protons relax faster than protons in water, which results in short T1 time.   In bowels with T1 weighted images, a bright signal is apparent. Combinations include emulsion oil that contains corn oil and ferric ammonium citrate, and an emusion containing baby formula with ferrous sulfate.   Combination contrast agents distribute evenly through the bowels. Negative contrast agents will appear largely dark on images.   They are frequently called superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO).   They have shorter T1 and T2 relaxation times. Negative contrast agents have three classifications: diamagnetic agents, superparamagnetic agents, and perfluorochemicals. One readily available diamagnetic contrast agent is barium sulfate suspension.   It reduces the loss of bowel signals, resulting in improved pancreatic visualization. Superparamagnetic contrast agents are generally administered orally.   They include magnelite albumin microspheres and superparamagnetic iron oxide.   A large loss of the signal in the stomach and small bowels that give immense visualization of the pancreas and anterior renal margins.   This contrast agent type â€Å"accumulates in the reticuloendothelial system of the liver, and darkens healthy liver tissue in T2-weighted images† (mr-tip.com). Perfluorochemicals are organic compounds that replace protons with fluorine.   They are a special group of negative contrast agents that appear completely dark on images, because they do not contain hydrogen atoms, which are responsible for the signal in MRIs.   In gastrointestinal imaging, the purpose of perfluorochemicals is to give a complete signal absence in the bowels. Intravenous contrast agents include both ionic and nonionic chelates.   When using paramagnetic metal ions as contrast agents, there is a high level of toxicity in the doses required for imaging.   Chelates reduce the chances of long term toxicity by reducing the toxic levels. Intravascular contrast agents remain in the blood longer than most other contrast agents.   They are highly useful in diagnosis imaging that may require longer imaging times. Tumor-Specific contrast agents are targeted to tumors.   There are four main types of tumor-specific agents: Metalloporphyrins target multiple types of tumors, such as melanomas and lymphomas. Monoclonal antibodies are for specific tumors such as colon carcinomas. Ferrioxamine is a paramagnetic agent used for the kidneys and urinary tract. Nitroxides are also paramagnetic agents, but are not widely used. Reticuloendothelial contrast agents are used in liver, spleen and lymph node MRIs.   In liver and spleen imaging, specific contrast agents are used that target the reticuloendothelial system of the liver and spleen.   Because of the inability of most imagers to differentiate between normal and abnormal lymph nodes, USPIO has become widely used.   USPIO allows imagers to have the ability to differentiate between lymph nodes. â€Å"In cases where it is difficult to differentiate two types of tissue, because the signal intensity they produce is so similar, the solution is to add a contrast agent to one of them in order to distinguish it from the other tissue† (GE Healthcare, 2007).   MRI contrast agents affect hydrogen atoms and the time they take to return to their original state, thereby increasing the signal intensity differences between the tissue with the contrast agent and the tissue without the contrast agent.   This results in an increase of contrasts on the image. References GE Healthcare (accessed January 13, 2007) www.amershamhealth.com/public/medical/mri_3.shtml Medline Plus (revised March 2000) http://mplus.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202770.html MR-Technology (accessed January 13, 2007) www.mr-tip.com Muroff, Lawrence R. (Aug. 2001) â€Å"MRI Contrast: Current Agents and Issues† Applied Radiology Online (vol. 30, No. 8) www.appliedradiology.com Runge, Val M. (Aug. 2001) â€Å"The Safety of MR Contrast Media: A Literature Review† Applied Radiology Online (Vol. 30, No. 8) www.appliedradiology.com How to cite MRI Contrast Agents, Essay examples

Contemporary Issues In Accounting Conceptual-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: What Is The Contemporary Issues In Accounting Conceptual? Answer: Introduction JetStar is considered as a brand of Qantas Airways, which is known to be supreme in the low-cost airline operating division in Australia. It is responsible for carrying more than 8.5% of passengers alone in the country. The main operations are seen to extend from home to international network with its destined airport in Melbourne. The main tie-ups have been identified in terms of Airbus A320 and Boeing 787 Dreamliner (Qantas.com. 2017). Virgin Australia Airline established in 1999 is considered as the predecessor of Qantas Airways. The main operation of the airline company is based in Bowen Hills in Brisbane. The main operations of the aircraft are seen to be based on a single route. So far Virgin Australia has been able to expand itself across 29 cities including some of the most noted one such as Brisbane, Adelaide, Melbourne and Sydney (Virginaustralia.com. 2017). The main intention of the study is to show the current accounting framework and examine whether the current accounting standards comply with the requirement prescribed by AASB. The report has also check whether for the companys financial reporting shows the conceptualization of prudence. The important source to consider the evaluation has been done based on intangible assets, tangible assets, the precision method and various findings from the annual general meeting report. The latter part of the study has been able to highlight on the reason of shareholders investing in the companies Conceptual framework of Accounting for both the companies Both JetStar and Virgin Australia Airlines compliance with the conceptual framework has been identified with AASB and Corporations Act 2001. The financial statements of both the companies are further seen to be prepared as per IFRS norms. The aforementioned standards have been seen to be issued by the International Accounting Board. In the progression of the financial statements of both Jetstar Airways and Virgin Australia Airlines it has been discerned that they have followed historical cost evaluation except in areas where assets and liabilities needs to be assessed at fair value. The exception is in further noted in areas where these are considered as per accounting policies. The revenue recognitions conceptual framework has been prepared with per AASB 118 Revenue, AASB 111 Construction Contracts and Interpretation 13 Customer Loyalty Programmes. Despite of this, the companies are set to replace the standards with AASB 15 Revenue from contracts with the customers in the annual report of the company on or after 1st January 2018. The main determination of the existing AASB 117 for leases and revise the framework based on AASB 16. AASB 136: Impairment of Assets has been further noted to be applicable for impairment of assets and the financial guarantees are taken into consideration as per AASB 137 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets. Prudence theory applied in both the companies The general theory of application of prudence has been seen to overestimate the amount of revenues. Both the airline companies have been seen to apply the concept of prudence in their financial reporting. This particular aspect is evident with the conservative nature of asset recording and non-underestimation of the liabilities. The financial statements has been further seen to be based on private transactions and considered every aspect of prudence theory. The delay in the acceptability of the new accounting standards has further depicted compliance with this theory (Lipka 2013). It has been seen that the company has not adopted applied AASB 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (AASB 15) and AASB 16 Leases (AASB 16), as it has not been able to get the viability of replacing the existing standards that is AASB 118 Revenue. The process of dealing the recognition of the new standards has been seen by setting their adoption date on or after 1 January 2018 for the revenues and on or after 1 January 2019 for the new standards of leases. Some of the other aspects of prudence has been identified with regular review of the assets and check the reason for declining values of these assets. Typically the most vital component of prudence with both the companies has been identified with not writing down of the fixed assets value (Berger 2016). Criteria followed for financial data Total Assets- Based on the annual report and analysis published by both the companies in 2016 it has been observed that the total assets of Qantas Airways were $ 17708 m in 2016. The total assets of Virgin Australia Airlines stood at $ 6886.9 m in 2016. In addition to this, the contingent liabilities have not seen to be present for Virgin Australia airlines as at 30 June 2016. With respect to Qantas Airways Ltd the total amount of assets has been seen to be measured based on fair value less selling cost. The different types of net benefits of Qantas Airways have been further measured as a fair value of plant assets less the present value. Some of the various types of different considerations in the preparation of financial statements of Virgin Australia have been based on assets which are held under financial leases and recognised as per fair value (Rossing 2013). Tangible Assets and Intangible Assets- The various types of considerations for tangible and intangible assets for Qantas Airways has been classified under revenue generation and the total recoverable amount of the same. The considerations of intangible assets are further seen to be based on impairment losses less cost. The different types of methods for determining the amortisation has been further seen to consider that the useful life and residual life is evaluated as at reporting date. Assets having indefinite lives are not held for consideration as impairment is done on annual basis (Krieger and Mayrhofer 2016). Depreciation Qantas Group has recognised reputation as per straight-line method for its valuation of property plant and equipment. The exception is seen to prevail for freehold land. The deposition rates imposed on these assets are seen to be calculated on total valuation costs, the residual lives and the estimated useful lives. The aforementioned depreciation rates on the assets are charged on the date of acquisition. The particular assets which are held under financial leases and appreciated provided the company is having the ownership (Wang and Li 2015). Virgin Airlines has taken into consideration the amortisation of the assets based on date they are held for sale. The specific depreciation charged on PPE has been further seen to state cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses. Similar to Qantas Airways the deposition of assets for Virgin Airlines is also seen to be considered on straight-line method for determining its useful life of assets (Qantas.com.au. 2017). Rationale for the shareholders investing in the companies The main considerations of the directors statement have been able to show the reason why an investor should look forward to invest in both the companies. It is an further seen that based on the report published by Virgin Airlines, the revenue of the company has jumped from$4,749.2 million to $5,021.0 million. The comparative period for the total equity has been able to account for 60% of the profits accumulated from Tigerair Australia on 16 October 2014. The investors need to particularly be aware of the increasing net operating expenditure which is considered as a downside for Virgin airlines. The aforementioned consideration has been seen to be conducive in making investment decision in both the airline companies (Kober, Lee and Ng 2013). In a similar way based on the CEOs statement published by Qantas Airways in 2016 it has been determined that the group has been significantly able to contribute to the overall value. The net increase in the financial performance has been evident with the increasing operating margin which has been further recognised in terms of increasing operating margin from the Jetstar Group, Qantas Loyalty, Qantas International and Qantas Domestic. It has been further observed that more than two thirds of the total earnings of Qantas Airways are based on the international operations, loyalty programs and portfolio strategy. The investors should be particularly looking forward to the increasing PBT of $ 975 m in 2015 to $ 1532 in 2016. Based on the financial report analysis of both the companies, it has been seen that Jetstar (Qantas) is not only in better position in compared to Virgin Australia airlines but it is also cost efficient which makes it a better choice for the investor (Guthrie and Pan g 2013). Conclusion The various stages of discussions of the study have been able to state current accounting framework of Qantas Airways and Virgin Airlines. The report has been further able to examine whether the current accounting standards comply with the requirement prescribed by AASB. The report has also check whether for the companys financial reporting shows the conceptualization of prudence. JetStar and Virgin Australia Airlines compliance with the conceptual framework has been identified with AASB and Corporations Act 2001. Both the airline companies have been seen to apply the concept of prudence in their financial reporting. This particular aspect is evident with the conservative nature of asset recording and non-underestimation of the liabilities. The delay in the acceptability of the new accounting standards has further depicted compliance with the prudence theory. The investors should be particularly looking forward to the increasing PBT of $ 975 m in 2015 to $ 1532 in 2016 for Qantas. References Berger, L. (2016) The impact of ambiguity and prudence on prevention decisions, Theory and Decision, 80(3), pp. 389409. doi: 10.1007/s11238-015-9512-1. Guthrie, J. and Pang, T. T. (2013) Disclosure of goodwill impairment under aasb 136 from 2005-2010, Australian Accounting Review, 23(3), pp. 216231. doi: 10.1111/j.1835-2561.2013.00204.x. Kober, R., Lee, J. and Ng, J. (2013) GAAP, GFS and AASB 1049: Perceptions of public sector stakeholders, Accounting and Finance, 53(2), pp. 471496. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-629X.2012.00469.x. Krieger, M. and Mayrhofer, T. (2016) Prudence and prevention: an economic laboratory experiment, Applied Economics Letters, pp. 16. doi: 10.1080/13504851.2016.1158909. Lipka, D. (2013) The max U approach: Prudence only, or not even prudence? A Smithian perspective, Econ Journal Watch, 10(1), pp. 214. Qantas.com. (2017).Our Company | Qantas. [online] Available at: https://www.qantas.com/travel/airlines/company/global/en [Accessed 11 Aug. 2017]. Qantas.com.au. (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.qantas.com.au/infodetail/about/corporateGovernance/2016AnnualReport.pdf [Accessed 11 Aug. 2017]. Rossing, J. P. (2013) Prudence and Racial Humor: Troubling Epithets, Critical Studies in Media Communication, 31(4), pp. 115. doi: 10.1080/15295036.2013.864046. Wang, J. and Li, J. (2015) Precautionary Effort: Another Trait for Prudence, Journal of Risk and Insurance, 82(4), pp. 977983. doi: 10.1111/jori.12054. Virginaustralia.com. (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.virginaustralia.com/cs/groups/internetcontent/@wc/documents/webcontent/~edisp/2016-asx-financial-report.pdf [Accessed 11 Aug. 2017].

Jefferson About Education Essays - Randolph Family Of Virginia

Jefferson About Education Thomas Jefferson believed that universal education would have to precede universal suffrage. The ignorant, he argued, were incapable of self-government. But he had profound faith in the reasonableness and teachableness of the masses and in their collective wisdom when taught. He believed that the schools should teach reading, writing, and arithmetic. Also, the children should learn about Grecian, roman, English, and American History. Jefferson believed the nation needed public schools scattered around, for all male citizens to receive free education. By 1789, the first law was passed in Massachusetts to reaffirm the colonial laws by which towns were obligated to support a school. This law was ignored. Private schools were opened only to those who could afford to pay them. In the middle states religious groups opened most schools. Not many schools or institutions were opened to the nonwealthy people. The women, blacks, and Indians were not able to go to school. It was not until the early 1900's that the Nation began making academies for females, because government thought that they needed to be educated mothers to educate their children. Jefferson believed in the "Republican Mother". Later, many 19th century reformers believed in the power of education to reform and redeem- to release a blame or debt, to buy back- "backward" people. As a result, they generated a growing interest in Indian Education. Jefferson and his followers believed that the Native Americans were "noble savages", they hoped that schooling the Indians in white culture would "uplift"- to improve the spiritual, social, or intellect condition- the tribes. But the states and local government did little to support education. Unlike the women and Indians, blacks had no support at all. There were no efforts to educate enslaved African Americans, mostly because their owner preferred that they remain ignorant and this presumably less likely to rebel. By 1815 there were 30 secondary private schools in Massachusetts, 37 in New York, and many others scattered all around the nation. They were mostly aristocratic; they were not many that were public. Higher education similarly diverged from Republican ideals. The number of colleges and universities in America grew substantially; they went from nine of the time of the Revolution, to twenty-two in 1800, and after that increased steadily. Scarcely more than one white man in a thousand, had access to any college education, and those few who did attend universities were almost without exception members of prosperous, propertied families. Jefferson strongly believed that the nation's future depended, in great part, on the nation's education. He said in 1782, "Every government degenerates when trusted to the rulers of the people alone. The people themselves, therefore, are its only safe depositories. And to render even them safe, their minds must be improved to a certain degree". He believed that in order for people to trust the people who are in charge of their government, they need to have some kind of education, to be able to make decisions based on their knowledge. Jefferson also believed that there wasn't any freedom without education. He said, " If a nation expects to be ignorant and free, in a civilization, it expects what it never was and never will be". By this, he means that in order for the people to want a free nation and expect for great things to happen, they need to have some education. If they don't want an education, then they are just going to always dream and never get anywhere. The Connecticut school master and lawyer Noah Webster, said that the American schoolboy should be educated as a nationalist. "As soon as he opens his lips", Webster wrote, " he should rehearse the history of his own country". Every citizen was to be educated to some degree. For the less wealthy people, to also have some education. Jefferson believed that the nation really needed to have schools. He wanted for the poor and rich to have some kind of Education, not only for themselves, but also for the nation's future.

White Oleander - Literary Devices essays

White Oleander - Literary Devices essays Love, hate, truth, deception, manipulation, self discovery and murder. Janet Fitch covered all of this and more. White Oleander is an epic tale about a young girl, Astrid, who was ripped away from her mother, Ingrid, at a very young age and forced onto the path of self discovery all by herself. White Oleander has made it into Oprahs Book Club and has had a major motion picture created based on the novel. White Oleander received and rightfully deserves a high literary status solely based on Astrids characterization character development and the ingenious incorporation and selection of impacting characters throughout the novel that ultimately shape who Astrid becomes. The two main characters in the story are the protagonist heroin, Astrid, and the antagonist, her mother Ingrid. Astrid is more so the main character, although Ingrid remains crucial until the very last page. Its clear to anyone who reads this novel that Fitch put an obvious emphasis on these two characters and their developments throughout the story, and left the other characters that come into play somewhat less significant and vague at times. Fitch created Astrids character exceptionally well, as she was like a story herself, with a beginning, development and an end, while Ingrid was more so the same character throughout, with occasional minor developments. In the first 3 chapters of the novel, were introduced to Astrid, as a young, naive and somewhat distant little girl that idolizes her mother, Ingrid. Ingrid is a crazy, yet passionate poet that lives her life from day to day without a worry in the world, or a real thought to her daughter. Fitch created Ingrid to be a woman with icy blues eyes that could have any man she wanted, who abused her beauty incessantly by using men in the night. Ingrids golden rule had always been; never let a man spend the night. At this point, Astrid has no life, except f...

Bail Out vs. Bale Out

Bail Out vs. Bale Out Bail Out vs. Bale Out Bail Out vs. Bale Out By Maeve Maddox Reading A Presumption of Death by Jill Paton, (St. Martin’s Minotaur, New York, 2003), I was distracted by the author’s frequent references to the necessity of a pilot’s having to â€Å"bale out† of his aircraft. How odd, I thought, that such a spelling error would slip by in a book of this quality. Surely the expression should be spelled â€Å"bail out.† According to a UK source (The Phrase Finder), the choice between â€Å"bail out† and â€Å"bale out† depends upon one’s way of viewing the act of leaving the aircraft. The person who says, â€Å"bale out† is thinking of the parachuted person as a bundle being pushed out, like a bale of hay, whereas the person who says â€Å"bail out† is thinking of the act of pouring water from a boat. This explanation might make sense if all English speakers agreed as to the spelling of the water idiom as â€Å"bail out.† Apparently some British speakers prefer to â€Å"bale out† boats. Nearly 90 years ago, H. W. Fowler (Modern English Usage, 1st edition, 1926) took a stand for bail: bail is right, bale wrong, in the sense throw water out; the derivation is from French baille, bucket. Fowler made no pronouncement on how to spell the word for jumping out of an airplane, most probably because he hadn’t heard of it yet. The earliest OED citation of bail in that sense is an American source dated 1925. The first citation for â€Å"bale out† is dated 1939. Fowler’s successor Sir Ernest Gowers (Modern English Usage, 2nd edition, 1965) dismissed the relevance of etymology in favor of â€Å"differentiation†: bail out, bale out. The OED says that [the spelling bail] should be used for emptying a boat of water; bale is ‘erroneous’ because the derivation is from French baille, bucket. But, perhaps owing to an instinct for differentiation, popular usage prefers bale both for this and for making a parachute descent from an aircraft in an emergency. The OED now has an entry for bale in the sense of â€Å"To lade or throw water out of a boat or ship with buckets,† but explains its etymology as an â€Å"erroneous spelling of bail.† The Guardian/Observer Style Guide has adopted the spelling bale for both jumping from an airplane and for pouring water out of a boat: bail out a prisoner, a company or person in financial difficulty; but  bale out  a boat or from an aircraft. Other British news sources, however, seem to prefer bail: Daily Mail Incredible story of the Lancaster pilot who bailed out over Germany whose life was saved when a searchlight helped him find his parachute Mirror Bedfordshire plane crash: Photos of wreckage show pilot may have tried to bail out. BBC NZ skydivers bail out over Lake Taupo as plane crashes. Telegraph Amid the 70th anniversary commemorations this summer it can be disclosed that at least 200 pilots died â€Å"needlessly† in 1940 after bailing out over water. Even The Guardian mixes the two spellings in the obituary of Flight Lieutenant William Walker that appears in its US edition: the bale spelling appears in a photo caption and the bail spelling in the article that follows. The UK edition of The Guardian has â€Å"bale out† in the text as well as in the caption, but Walker’s obituary in both The Telegraph and The Independent has him bailing out. Finally, the Ngram Viewer grid shows â€Å"bail out† far above â€Å"bale out† in printed usage. Bottom line: If you don’t have strong reasons to do otherwise, stick to bail for exiting an airplane and for throwing water out of a boat. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Coordinating vs. Subordinating ConjunctionsThe Difference Between "will" and "shall"The Uses of â€Å"The†

Select a grand nursing theory.Explain how application of this theory Essay

Select a grand nursing theory.Explain how application of this theory by nurse leaders and nurse managers can influence outcomes from two of the following areas - Essay Example This theory is grounded on the supposition that the founding principle of nursing is bound in caring as the root of nursing (Burtson & Stichler, 2010). Nurse leaders can use the theory of human caring in patient care delivery and increase patient satisfaction. This theory offers a structure that nurse leaders can use to reinstate the profession’s vision of care that permits care to flow from the nurse leader to other nurses and eventually to the patients (Douglas, 2011). This promotes wholeness and healing among the patients and the nurses (Boykin et al., 2003) By being caring to the staff members, the nurse leaders can rest assured that the nurses will show the same care and compassion to the patients (Burtson & Stichler, 2010). When a leader adopts and demonstrates this theory he or she then opens the door for the nurse staff to start incorporating care in a more thoughtful manner and impact on their interactions with clients (McEwen & Wills, 2014). This then improves delivery of care and the levels of patient satisfaction (Douglas,

Module 2 (edited) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Module 2 (edited) - Essay Example Most of this development was achieved on the abundant natural resources that Thailand homes. What resulted in the end due to the excessive reliance on natural resources, were polluted water, infected air and barren land. Ever since the economic turmoil, consumers in Thailand have changed their spending habits to deal effectively with the ongoing economic crisis. With the exports already suffering due the global trade slump, Thai was unlucky to experience some very severe political tensions on top.With the governments initiating two new fiscal policies; situation is sighted to improve by far. A recent survey made use of several closed end questions, which makes comparison easier (Easterby-Smith et al. 2002, pp.78) - has revealed some very fitting information. People have experienced massive salary cuts and many have found themselves jobless in this situation. People have cut their spending budgets, limiting themselves to what is most needed. Most respondents to the questionnaire admitted that Thai people was growing poorer, which was seriously impacting on the lives of the Thai citizens. As the most important was that over the last decade brand loyalty has been reduced by a very great degree. Buyers have learned to compromise and make their spending more wisely since there is lesser to spend. Brand products are usually tagged at much higher prices than those unbranded, which have resulted in people switching to lower priced articles. This means international and foreign brands have seen a steep decline in their target customers, all of these due to the economic turmoil. Many international brands have adjusted their marketing strategies to appeal to target audiences, such as in the conservative Islamic countries (Karnani, 1984, pp.45). In studying the consumer expenditure pattern of Thailand, it is important to undertake a compressive analyzing of the

Colletes The Murderer and The Tell-Tale Heart by Edgar Allen Poe Essay Example for Free

Colletes The Murderer and The Tell-Tale Heart by Edgar Allen Poe Essay Explore the similarities and differences between Colletes The Murderer and The Tell-Tale Heart by Edgar Allen Poe. In this essay I will write about the Tell-Tale Heart which was written in the nineteenth century, and The Murderer which was written in the twentieth century. I will compare them in a number of ways; language, settings, suspense, characters In The Tell-Tale Heart the mood is typical of Edgar Allen Poe in that he wrote about murders in dark gothic houses this creates a mood of tension that something is about to happen suddenly and drives us to read faster and faster until suddenly the climax is upon the victims or sometimes, on a anti-climax. The narrator uses short sentences that are filled with active verbs to describe the story. Whereas the mood in The Murderer is quite calm and non-threatening. There is no haste to the words. This is very different to The Tell-Tale Heart. In The Tell Tale Heart the narrator does not tell us exactly where he is but he does tell us that there are creaky floor boards and heavy doors there are also mice. This leads us to believe that he is in a gothic house that is quite old. The narrator does not tell us about the weather directly but mention the wind in the chimney which suggest mid-winter. In the murderer there are a lot of different places, the murder scene, out side the newsagents, the flat where he slept and worked, each of them described in detail. The murder scene was a stationary notions shop as with the tell tale heart during the whole story there is only a few references to the weather such as a brief shower and that darkness cam suddenly apron them. The themes of the stories are both murders. The strangest one of the two stories is the murderer because the main character, Louis, kills his victim, for no reason that we know of, but there is a clear motive in the tell tale heart. The eye. The old mans evil eye this is the thing that drives the murderer to kills the old mans vulture eye the eye with a pale blue film over it. The main character in The Tell Tale Heart is a person who talks about him self a lot in the story ands says a few things like never before that night had I felt the extent of my powers. I think this person is insane (he spent an hour to look through a door) He is mostly in self-denial but he does say the disease has sharpened my senses -not destroyed them this becomes exenterated when he says he heard all the things in heaven because of the acute sense of hearing he has acquired from being mad. The main character of the tell tale heart is a mystery because they does not reveal their sex or their age, or any of their physical looks. Where in the murderer we know that Louis is good looking and has a swarthy face that girls like to smile at. I think that, whilst these authors have crated stories that are similar in theme they have there own way of introducing the characters and victims of the story. Also the setting is very different. I like them both for they are very griping and leave a great deal of the story to the readers imagination but my favourite is The Tell-Tale Heart because of the way the nature of the murderer is very well presented and has left me thinking about it. The very way that he calmly killed him with out no little voice in his head telling him what he is doing is wrong chills me to the bone. This is a little detail that Poe was very clear about for although he was insane (As I have pointed out before the evidence for this case is not in short supply) he was still a human being and as one of them I fell disturbed that one human can do that to a fellow human. Humans are the most dangerous species because of our actions. Our kind is the only ones that ill because they feel like it. Not because they are hungry or in danger but because of pure spite. This is one of the many dangers of free will and Poe and collate point this out in the most disturbing ways imaginable.

F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Essay -- The Great Gatsby

Man dreams of living the life of the elite social class and of the power and admiration inherent within. F. Scott Fitzgerald comes to terms with this American dream in The Great Gatsby, a novel about social life in the 1920’s. The social hierarchy of the times plays a very important role in this novel. Here Fitzgerald illustrates three specific social classes: old money, new money, and lower class, with old money and new money taking center stage. Gatsby himself personifies new money; he made himself into a rich man through shady dealings. Tom Buchanan, on the other hand, represents old money. He received everything he has on a silver platter. He earned nothing but his inheritance. At the time, it was extremely desirable to be old money, because people looked at new money as vulgar and uncivilized. By illustrating social-economic class differences, Fitzgerald depicts the illusion of the corrupted American dream. Old money, living in the guise of the American dream, denies the entrance of new money and the lower class into their social hierarchy. In the novel, Tom has a mistress who lives in the "valley of ashes," where most of the lower class citizens reside. Tom has been seeing her for years even though he married Daisy. No one objects to this because of his old money status. On page 19, Jordan Baker informs Nick of this scandal, "Why- Tom’s got some woman in New York." Jordan also informs Nick of the commonality and wide acceptance of this fact. Tom’s ...

Mary Seacole

Mary Seacole Mary Seacole was born in 1805, in Jamaica. She nursed soldiers during the Crimean war which started in 1854. Her mother was Jamaican and her dad, a Scottish soldier. Her mother was also a nurse and used herbs for medicines and treatments. At the age of 12, she had already started to behave like a nurse because of the help she provided to her mother with the sick and wounded. When she was older, Mary opened a hotel in Jamaica to help care for the sick. Mary wanted to help those soldiers involved in conflict in Europe.She travelled to England in the UK but no one was interested in taking up her offer to help the ill and wounded soldiers. She instead stayed in England, paying her own fares and eventually setting up another hotel. There, she sold goods and clothing for the soldiers in the hotel. She would cook, clean and care for the soldiers. Mary tried to enlist her help for the Crimean war but was not chosen by Florence Nightingale who was in charge of caring for the woun ded. Mary instead travelled to the battlefield alone (covering 4,000 miles).She helped on the battlefield, sometimes even during cannon fire. Mary cared for the men very lovingly. The wounded men loved Mary and called her ‘Mother Seacole’. Florence Nightingale was unimpressed by Mary Seacole's work in Crimea, and accused her of intoxicating soldiers and running a brothel. If you ask someone ‘Do you know who Mary Seacole is? ’ they might say ‘No’ this is because Florence Nightingale got more recognition than Mary Seacole. Mary Seacole did just as much as Florence Nightingale, which is why, I think Mary Seacole should have a day to be remembered.

Fame and Celebrities: The Relation

I think Steve Jobs is a great example of someone who has fame but is not a celebrity. In the essay Epstein asserts how fame is something one earns through achievements and talents while celebrity does not require talent or achievement at all. Epstein uses Ted Williams as an example of fame because † he wished to be famous but had no interest in being a celebrity. † Ted Williams wanted to be known for being â€Å"the greatest pure hitter who ever lived,† he cared more about how he performed on the field rather than signing autographs and making himself look good to others.Although not as famous as a baseball player, Just like Ted Williams a great example of someone who has fame Is Steve Jobs. Mostly everyone knows Steve Jobs as the Apple guy and for the great products he has made, these products not only has gave him success but also gave him fame. Unlike most people who are famous Steve Jobs is not a celebrity, he became famous for his Innovative Intelligence in cr eating computers and gadgets that most people In today's society need.Steve was not In It to be a celebrity, Just Like Ted Williams, he wanted to be known for his reactions and for his achievements, he focused more Into making each product a little better than the previous to please his consumers rather than making them to be known for it. I think It Is Important to recognize or seek fame rather than seek being a celebrity because as said by Epstein, fame Is earned for achieving something or being highly talented at something one does. While you can be a celebrity for doing nothing, for example being passed down by generation Like If your parents are celebrates you are more likely to be a celebrity.People should care more for people who are talented and achieve something rather than worship someone for being rich Just Like most celebrities out there. Fame and Celebrities: The Relation By habiting example of someone who has fame is Steve Jobs. Mostly everyone knows Steve Jobs has gav e him success but also gave him fame. Unlike most people who are famous Steve Jobs is not a celebrity, he became famous for his innovative intelligence in creating computers and gadgets that most people in today's society need.Steve was not in it to be a celebrity, Just like Ted Williams, he wanted to be known for his creations and for his achievements, he focused more into making each product a I think it is important to recognize or seek fame rather than seek being a celebrity because as said by Epstein, fame is earned for achieving something or being highly example being passed down by generation like if your parents are celebrities you are and achieve something rather than worship someone for being rich Just like most

Criteria for eco-hotel Essays

Criteria for eco-hotel Essays Criteria for eco-hotel Essay Criteria for eco-hotel Essay has as its chief nonsubjective the purpose to supply practical and low-priced agencies by which cordial reception companies can follow regulations to set about environment betterments base on international guidelines. 1.5 Policies and Standards set for Eco-Hotels There are several topographic points in the universe whereby green hotels/ eco hotels are now being practiced. In most instances, by puting up several Torahs and ordinances on hotel building, authorities has forced the hotels builder in building eco-hotels. There are besides several associations which are contending for a more eco-friendly edifices and hotels. A few key constructing environmental appraisal tools soon in usage comprise of: Canada: LEED Canada / Green Globes China: GBAS India: Indian Green Building Council ( IGBC ) / GRIHA Japan: CASBEE United States: LEED / Populating Building Challenge / Green Globes / Build it Green / NAHB NGBS / International Green Construction Code International Green Construction Code ( IGCC ) United Kingdom: BREEAM A few key constructing environmental appraisal tools such as BREEAM ( United Kingdom ) , and CASBEE ( Japan ) are a great aid for the consumers in finding a construction s purpose and degree of the environmental achievement. They reward credits for optional building characteristics which sustain green theoretical account in classs such as the site location and upholding of edifice site, preservation of H2O, etc. The phase of accomplishments are so determined through the figure of credits. Governments have begun to command a decrease in the usage of energy and emanations. In US in the building industry, Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design besides known as LEED, is being developed as a widely-accepted criterion. The LEED enfranchisement has been modified by the U.S. Green Building Council to give installations to all edifices to gain points in many classs, assisting therefore the hotel operators to be able to obtain enfranchisement for their existing services. They therefore earn points by being sustainable in: The low energy usage which reduces the release of air pollutants and nursery gases By cut downing H2O ingestion by 30 % The usage of recycle merchandises to restitute. The usage of advanced engineerings that help in cut downing energy use therefore accomplishing other types of sustainability. There is on about 1,200 LEED-certified edifices till the terminal of 2008, most of which are new alternatively of renovated edifices. The authorities besides plays a really important function in the industry s eco- environment, non merely by making environmental resources to assist the industry. The authorities functionaries besides shared their acquired experience on ecological work with the practicians. Harmonizing to the United Nations Environmental Program, 2001, the Gallic Ministry of Spatial Planning and Environment along with some hotels has been patronizing the devising of learning stuffs for environmental issues. The Hong Kong and Gallic authorities besides shows the importance of prosecuting sustainable touristry by funding two instances. Mentioning to: Hotels environmental direction systems ( ISO 14001 ) by Wilco W. Chan and Kenny Ho we can see the chart with the different sections and its purposes. Introduced in China during the twelvemonth 2003 with the publication of China Hotel Association s criterions for green hotels, it was targeted to construct and develop 10,000 green hotels by 2010. In May 2007, URBN Hotels A ; Resorts, a hotel situated in Shanghai, entered into an agreement with Emissions Zero, a company which sells beginnings nursery gas emanations. URBN plans was to cipher the hotel s entire sum of energy consumed, to so buy credits in order to cut down its footmark by puting In the local green undertakings. In the islands where touristry industry is backbone for economic growing, due to the fright of losing developers, there is frequently a deficiency of ordinances. Two illustrations are Barbados and Jamaica, whereby they utilize financess raised to organizing the Plan for a Sustainable Tourism and the Tourism Product Development Company. They have developed course of studies refering sustainable patterns for the different hotelkeepers. The Government enterprises for illustrations such as Energy Conservation Building Code 2007 are largely focused on how to continue environment. A new codification had been launched June 2007 clearly specified that merely the energy public presentation demands for all commercial edifices will constructed in India. 1.6 IPD Environment Code In February 2008 the IPD Environment Code, which was supposed to be a good pattern planetary criterion, has been launched. The Code was introduces in order to mensurate the environmental public presentation of corporate edifices. Its purpose is to accurately measure, measure and cover with the environmental impacts of commercial edifices. The Code covers a wide array of edifice types which have as purposes to: environmental program creative activity Communicating a duty to the betterment of the environment. Create public presentation marks Environmental betterment programs Life rhythm appraisals United Nations ( UN ) has introduces an Agenda 21 which is connected to sustainable development, a design of action. It is supposed to be taken internationally, on a national graduated table and locally by different types of organisations of the UN, authoritiess, and major groups that is in every portion in which the worlds has an consequence on the environment. A great figure of organisations, due to the increasing involvement in eco-building constructs, are now developing the different criterions and evaluation systems which are promoting the authorities s regulators every bit good as the building professional in following eco-buildings with more strong belief. There are besides different codifications being written which are now being adopted by the authorities in order to cut down the different environmental impacts of all the edifices. 1.7 Eco activities offered to tourers by Eco-Hotels Over the past old ages, the touristry industry has begun to advance and spread out and some tourers adopted and supported the construct of ecotourism, particularly in coastal and marine locations ( Miller, 1991 ; Miller A ; Auyong, 1991b ; Grenier et al. , ) . Ecotourism day of the months to twelvemonth 1965 when Hetzer required a reconsidering of cultural instruction in touristry context and promoted ecological touristry ( eco-tourism ) . Today eco-tourism has become an international construct that makes up the rules of saving, preservation and sustainable development. Harmonizing to Valentine ( 1991 ) in the literature ecotourism is besides recognised as adventure touristry, nature-oriented touristry, alternative touristry, appropriate touristry, soft touristry , responsible touristry, ethical touristry, environment-friendly travel, green touristry, sustainable touristry, and nature touristry. The list could be extended with other options like equality touristry, ethni c touristry, cultural touristry, socio-ecological touristry, photo-safari touristry, dive touristry or surfing touristry . A tourer activity, a private venture or authorities service, and a usher for ethical behavior are some proficient definitions given to ecotourism. For Hetzer ( 1965 ) , responsible eco-tourism is assessed against four criterions: Minimal environmental impact ; Minimum impact on and maximal regard for host civilizations ; Maximum economic benefits to the host state s grassroots ; and Maximum recreational satisfaction to take parting tourers. The Ecotourism Society, a non-profit administration created in 1990 to function circuit operators, preservation professionals, protected country direction specializers, research workers, and ushers, among others, defines ecotourism as responsible travel that conserves the environment and sustains the wellbeing of local people. For illustration in Shanti Maurice hotel, along with the local dweller, usage composting for waste decrease. However, there is non yet any standard method to quantify the sum of ecotourism. Knocks ( 1992 ) notes that, while generic touristry additions around 4 % yearly, ecotourism is turning at a rate of 30 % . Lindberg ( 1991 ) stated that nature-based touristry contributed between $ 2 and $ 12 billion in 1988 to the economic systems of developing states. Harmonizing to Miller ( 1993 ) , today, demand for travel shows greater divergence and magnitude than of all time before, so doing the touristry industry the biggest concern on the Earth. The addition in handiness of public conveyance, auto ownership, outbound travel, and new involvements in nature based ecotourism, with the increased leisure clip implies a promising hereafter to marine eco-tourism. As a consequence more careful and elaborate readying and planning is necessary to suit the estimated reaching of tourers to coastal countries. But still ecotourism is frequently disadvantaged by limited entree, deficiency of conveyance and hapless resort installations, including lodging installations. It is indispensable to accomplish a good balance between the development of leisure and the saving of natural resources is to prolong the high quality of recreational activities. The construct of the 3s ( sea, sand, Sun ) touristry is altering to more sustainable touristry activities. There are different eco hotels which offer different activities to tourers depending on their surrounding environment. Hereunder is a list of eco hotels of different eco star evaluations and the eco activities they offer to the tourers. 3 star Eco hotels Leafs and Lizards Arenal Volcano Cabin Retreat ( Central America-Costa Rica ) Guests learn about effects of deforestation and its effects on biodiversity, clime and H2O during their stay at Leaves and Lizards. Information is shared and discussed during guided Tourss, through insouciant conversations and written stuff in invitees suites. Activities available at that place to tourers are horse equitation, white H2O rafting, nothing lines ( Tyrolean crossbeam ) and canyoning. Admiral s Inn-north ( America- USA ) Information of all the local environmentally-friendly activities that are in the country, including beach walking and hike are given to invitees. Al Tarfa Desert Sanctuary Lodge A ; Spa- ( Africa-Egypt ) Al Tarfa is an escapade finish, offering day-to-day activities such as guided walks in the desert, local community experiences, camel or Equus caballus drives inthedunes or 44 visits to local pharaonic, every bit good as Islamic ruins and natural hot springs. Other honoring experiences can be arranged, including trips to theadjacent Oases, theWhite Desert Protected Area and theGilf Kebir National Park. Lake Manyara Tree Lodge- ( Africa-Tanzania ) This offers a figure of specialist campaign as activities to invitees. Ant s Nest and Ant s Hill- ( South Africa ) The purpose of Ant s Nest and Ant s Hill is to supply a unambiguously flexible campaign experience Club Afrodit- ( Europe-Turkey ) This hotel provides assorted activities like forenoon gymnastic exercises, nature walks, tennis, ping-pong, aerobic exercises, hoops, volleyball, darts, H2O Polo. Eco-Lodge Itororo- ( South America-Brazil ) Eco-Lodge Itororo offers a scope of activities from boosting Tourss to horseback equitation and swimming in the crystal-clear natural pool. Ferme de Candeloup- ( Europe-France ) This eco hotel besides acts as a Yoga Centre.During the Winter, a 40 minute thrust brings invitees to the nearest ski station, which is besides merely a short walk to the Spanish boundary line. Whitewater rafting, Equus caballus equitation and many other activities can besides be pursued in the vicinity. For those of a more easy temperament, Candeloup is at the bosom of the Jurancon vino part, which begs to be explored. Finca del Buen Consejo- ( South America-Ecuador ) They offer activities in many of the local beautiful sites such as waterfall visits, mountain mounting, fly fishing, and pre Inca civilisation ruins Hotel Planinka- ( Europe-Slovenia ) Activities organised by the hotel for the invitees include mountain escapade park, paintball, boosting A ; mountain biking, sledging, ice skating. Best Western Kamloops- ( North America-Canada ) In the country invitees will happen some of the finest golf classs in the state, horseback equitation, mountain biking, hike, dodo exploring, and Western Heritage visit. For more winter activities nearby is the first-class ski Sun Peaks Resort, which is rapidly going one of the Prime Minister ski countries in the state. Hosteria Huechulafquen- ( South America-Argentina ) Guests can bask different jaunts with diverse trouble degrees like horseback equitation, trekking, mountain biking, long walks, kayaking, bird observation, scenery hike, and the hotel specialises in gimmick and release fishing. Ibo Island Lodge, Quirimbas Archipelago- ( Africa-Mozambique ) Ibo Island Lodge provides polo-neck and hatching sing chances to invitees to the island. Iglu-Dorf- ( Europe-Switzerland and Germany ) Activities available there are snow show walking, iglu edifice and sculpting. Inkaterra Machu Picchu- ( South America-Peru ) Group eco-activities, such as bird observation or a guided orchid walk, are provided on their 12-acre evidences. Laguna del Lagarto Eco Lodge- ( Central America-Costa Rica ) The Lodge is operated in harmoniousness with nature following extended ecological guidelines. It is a perfect topographic point for passionate bird-watchers and rain forest lovers. More than 10 kilometer of good marked rainforest trails make birding and researching easy, whether invitees prefer to travel entirely or with a naturalist or birding usher. Matemo Island- ( Africa-Mozambique ) For invitees who enjoy H2O athleticss, seafaring, windsurfing, H2O skiing and banana boats, these activities are offered. Kayaks and snorkels are besides available for invitees to research the island s clear Waterss. Rivertime resort and Ecolodge- ( Asia-Laos ) Rivertime resort and Ecolodge provide river Tourss to invitees. And Tours most absorbing temples, monasteries, museums and many other sites of involvement return invitees to the metropolis and local countries in the resort s minibus. Sosian Lodge-africa Kenya Sosian offers a immense scope of activities including walking, horse-riding, camel campaign, game-drives, night-drives, fishing, bird-shooting, archery, tennis and swimming in the waterfalls behind the spread house. 4 star Eco hotels Belvedere Bed A ; Breakfast- ( Europe-Italy ) All kinds of activities, are provided at this hotel, like walking, trekking, mountain climbing, cycling, skiing, snowboarding, snow shoeing or merely loosen uping surrounded by good nutrient, vino and beautiful scenery. Brompton Lakes- ( Europe-England ) The site is straight on the Coast to Coast long distance pathway and ideally placed for walking, cycling and other out-of-door activities. There is besides a tennis tribunal, free mountain motorcycle hire and little rowing boats on the lakes. Cedar House Inn and Yurts- ( North America-USA ) Cedar House Inn and Yurts provide horseback equitation, kayaking, canoeing, tubing down the Etowah or Chestatee Rivers and swimming in Dicks Creek. Mountain bicycling on rugged trails or route motorcycle on the same cragged path used by professional race drivers is besides available. Chem chem- ( Africa-Tanzania ) Guests at Chem chem can see unforgettable walking campaign and bird observation jaunts. Cotton Tree Lodge- ( Central America-Belize ) All guest jaunts are focused on the local environment and community. Guests visit waterfalls, caves, Mayan ruins, wildlife militias, and local places and small towns. Dar Itrane Ecolodge- ( Africa-Morocco ) Activities at this hotel are nature-based touristry activities like walking in the small towns and hike and trekking in the surrounding mountains. Desoto Inns- ( North America-Florida ) Guests there can angle, swim, snorkel, do kayaking, boat Tourss and hike. Explora Rapa Nui- ( South America-Chille ) They offer assorted geographic expeditions on pes, bike, boat or horseback. Gaija Hostel- ( Europe-Finland ) Gaija Hostel provides horseback-riding, kayaking and rowing boat and bikes are available for rent. Besides boosting, snowshoeing and skiing can be arranged Hotel Mocking Bird Hill- ( Central America-Jamaica ) There are a scope of activities to bask there like bird observation, hike, cycling, snorkel diving, plunging or invitees can merely put in knolls and ticker emerald green hummingbirds dart from flower to bloom. Heron Island- ( Australia-Oceania ) Heron Island is celebrated for its antic aqualung diving and snorkel diving. 5 star Ecohotels Arenas del Mar- ( Central America-Costa Rica ) This hotel provides assorted eco activities to tourers like white water rafting, mangrove kayak and boat Tourss, guided rainforest hikings, ocean kayaking, gimmick and release athletics fishing, horseback siting jaunts and activities organised by the Canopy Tours. The Canopy Tour offers exciting chance to surge through the rain forest high above the forest floor to see jungle life. Algonquin Eco Lodge- ( North America-Canada ) Algonquin Eco Lodge provides skiing, Canis familiaris sledding, hike, canoeing, and mountain biking as activity to their invitees. Balamku Inn on the Beach- ( North America-Mexico ) Here invitees can bask snorkeling, scub

Learn About the Organ Systems in the Human Body

Learn About the Organ Systems in the Human Body The human body is made up of several organ systems that work together as one unit. In the pyramid  of  life  that organizes all of the elements of life into categories, organ systems are nested between an organism and its organs. Organ systems  are the groups of organs that are within an organism. Ten major organ systems of the human body are listed below along with the major organs or structures that are associated with each system. Each system depends on the others, either directly or indirectly, to keep the body functioning normally. Once you a feeling confident in your knowledge of the organ system, try a simple quiz  to test yourself. Circulatory System Dorling Kindersley / Getty Images The main function of the circulatory system is to transport nutrients and gasses to cells and tissues throughout the body. This is accomplished by the circulation of blood. Two components of this system are the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. The  cardiovascular  system is comprised of the heart,  blood, and  blood vessels. The beating of the heart drives the cardiac cycle which pumps blood throughout the body. The  lymphatic  system is a vascular network of tubules and ducts that collect, filter and return lymph to blood circulation. As a component of the immune system, the lymphatic system produces and circulates immune cells called lymphocytes. The lymphatic organs include the  lymph vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, and tonsils. Digestive System comotion_design / Getty Images The digestive system breaks down food polymers into smaller molecules to provide energy for the body. Digestive juices and enzymes are secreted to break down the carbohydrates, fat, and protein in food. The primary organs are the mouth, stomach, intestines, and rectum. Other accessory structures include the teeth, tongue, liver, and  pancreas. Endocrine System CHRISTIAN DARKIN / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Getty Images The endocrine system regulates vital processes in the body including growth, homeostasis, metabolism, and sexual development. Endocrine organs secrete hormones to regulate body processes. Major  endocrine structures include the  pituitary gland, pineal gland, thymus, ovaries, testes, and  thyroid gland. Integumentary System The integumentary system protects the internal structures of the body from damage, prevents dehydration, stores fat, and produces vitamins and hormones. The structures that support the integumentary system include skin, nails, hair, and sweat glands. Muscular System Oliver Burston / Getty Images The muscular system enables movement through the contraction of muscles. Humans have three types of muscles: heart muscle, smooth muscle, and skeletal muscles.  Skeletal muscle is made up of thousands of cylindrical muscle  fibers. The fibers are bound together by  connective tissue  that is made up of  blood vessels and nerves. Nervous System Science Picture Co / Getty Images The nervous system monitors and coordinates internal organ function and responds to changes in the external environment. The major structures of the nervous system include the  brain,  spinal cord, and  nerves. Reproductive System DEA PICTURE LIBRARY / Getty Images The reproductive system enables the production of offspring through sexual reproduction  between a male and female. The system is comprised of male and female reproductive organs and structures which produce sex cells and ensure the growth and development of offspring. The major male structures include the testes, scrotum, penis, vas deferens, and prostate. The major female structures include the ovaries, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands. Respiratory System LEONELLO CALVETTI / Getty Images The respiratory system provides the body with oxygen via a gas exchange between air from the outside environment and gases in the blood. The major respiratory structures  include the lungs, nose, trachea, and bronchi. Skeletal System SCIEPRO / Getty Images The skeletal system  supports and protects the body while giving it shape and form. The major structures include 206  bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage. This system works closely with the muscular system to enable movement. Urinary Excretory System Stocktrek Images / Getty Images The urinary excretory System removes wastes and maintains water balance in the body. Other aspects of its function include regulating  electrolytes in body fluids and maintaining normal pH of the blood. The major structures of the urinary excretory system include the  kidneys, urinary bladder, urethra, and ureters.

Global Warming is Media Hyped Hysteria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global Warming is Media Hyped Hysteria - Essay Example The first article has been published by an environmental agency and therefore, it has used ethos in its writing to convince the readers. The use of scientific explanations and relevant theories are used to explain the drastic ramifications of global warming. ‘trading program would harness American ingenuity to decrease heat-trapping pollution, cost-effectively..’(EDF). The Second article, on the other hand, is a speech by a political leader and therefore, one is able to find the text full of pathos and logos to sway the public perception. Inhofe has cleverly used creative imagery and mental images to provide a relatively coherent explanation for his arguments. ‘Advocates of alarmism have grown increasingly desperate†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Inhofe). The first article lacks emotional appeal and relies heavily on scientific facts which are stark in their explanation and therefore, fail to impress the common man. Inhofe, on the other hand, has combined logos in his pathos. Citing previous press releases, Inhofe’s rhetoric of the discourse was designed to inflame the feeling of outrage against the media hype and has asked ‘if CO2 is the driving force for global climate change, why do so many in the media ignore the many skeptical scientists who cite these rather inconvenient truths?’. The structured and well laid out article has tried to explore the issue through the myths that are common among the masses but the lackluster style has failed to convince the masses because it is not tempered with modules that have a significant impact on human emotions. Inhofe has shown that facts and figures need to be used in a manner that it can impact the human psyche through clichà ©s and metaphors. â€Å"’60 Minutes’ failed to inform its viewers that a 2005 study by Ola†¦.that the interiors of Greenland are gaining ice and mass and that†¦ The Arctic was warmer in the 1930s than today†.  

Nursing for Health and Wellbeing 2011 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nursing for Health and Wellbeing 2011 - Essay Example Most homes are potentially hazardous that would increase the risk of falls. Survey reveals among older subjects that they had at least one environmental falls hazard. Older people report falls inside the home. There should be evidence that these hazards are potential or causally linked to falls. Apart from the evidence of falls history among older people linked to household hazards, stronger evidence are available from studies where household hazards were identified first and subsequent falls were monitored. Further, frail people suffered more frequent falls but they were not due to environmental hazards. Studies indicate healthy people are likely to fall more frequently due to environmental hazards. Thus environmental hazards are likely to cause falls in vigorous older people than in frail older people. Since the patient Mr. Sylvester is a vigorous category (as he is able to live alone), he is more prone to falls. Risk-taking behavior in vigorous older people is the likely cause for more frequent falls. Home hazards alone cannot be a single cause for falls.

Invasive Species Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Invasive Species - Essay Example However, on the southern coastlines, loss of mussel Perna perna's habitat has not been as extensive to the competing Mediterranean native mussel Mytilis galloprovincialis. On land, acacia species have been most detrimental to the bioregion, as their land usage expands rapidly. Mature acacias proliferate their seeds and access huge expanses of land. The acacia species Acacia dealbata, Acacia mearnsii, Acacia longifolia, Acacia baileyana, Acacia decurrens, and Acacia Cyclops have overtaken more indigenous species, by changing soil nutrition and taking habitat. The difficulty in controlling acacias is problematic due to the community's use of many acacia species as kindling. Likewise, acacia species stabilise the soil; indeed they were introduced by agriculturalists for the very reason. While having stabilized the soil, they've encroached on the South African fynbos vegetation. At the same time, the increased agricultural usage of the land has hindered the nesting habits of the bird species Black Harriet Circus maurus. In order to counter the multiple problems associated with the acacia encroachment, researchers searched for natural enemy wasps of the Br uchophagus line, specifically Bruchophagus acaciae, Bruchophagus orarius, and Bruchophagus interior, with the purpose of hindering acacia seed proliferation. The acacia has not been the only species introduced for the purpose of stabilizing the soil. Marram grasses were introduced in order to stabilise shifting sand dunes that flooded the South African plains and made agriculture difficult. The Marram grass Amophilia arenaria has been praised for its ability to provide an amiable habitat for the native species of the area. Due to the complexity of alien species and their influences to the diversity of native flora and fauna, investigations and attempts have been made to counteract the process, or at very least, record it. South African Biodiversity Biodiversity along the Southern African shorelines is unique in that its species have evolved and thrived due to the confluence of two distinct water masses. The Agulhas current flows alongside the eastern shores of South Africa, while the west coast is characterised by colder deeper waters (Peschack, 2005). The flora and fauna that immigrant settlers found here is one of the most specific in the world. In southern Africa, 12% of plant species are endemic (Willis et al. 1996, in Mehta 2000).Moreover, the floristic region of the Cape is one of only six on Earth (Branch, 2005). The importance of maintaining the integrity of South African Cape ecosystem cannot be understated. However, many invasive species have invaded the bioregion and caused concern, beginning in the 1700s. At this time, immigrant settlements that came to South Africa began practises of irrigation and livestock raising that negatively affected soil nutrition and made the soil thinner. Consequently, native vegetation species diminished due to poor soil quality (Mehta, 2000). That trend has continued and become multifaceted, affecting both land and ocean species. Negative Impacts of Alien Species on Land Indeed, the most widely studied intruders on the South African Cape

Muslim Women Living In A Westernized Society Theology Religion Essay

Muslim Women Living In A Westernized Society Theology Religion Essay The following research report was requested and granted by Philip Broster, The Business Communication lecturer at the Tertiary School in Business Administration, for 8 October 2012. Permission was granted by Philip Broster to conduct research on the debate regarding the wearing of hijab and the western pressures of this felt by Muslim women who study at TSiBA Education. His specific instructions were to: Compile a research report based on the previous research proposal to research the debate regarding the hijab and the pressures felt by Muslim women at TSiBA. Present a literature review as well as findings in a written document and to conclude by identifying a relationship, if any , between the literature and the findings of the research. The report is to be submitted on the 8 October 2012. Table of Contents INTRODUCTION Subject of the research The Debate Regarding the Hijab, Investigating the Pressures Felt by Muslim women living in a Westernized Country: A TSiBA case-study. Background to the research Literature on this topic is abundant as research has been conducted globally on the topic of the hijab as to the reasons why women should and should not wear the hijab. The research conducted was made possible through the use of surveys, interviews, questionnaires and observations. Katherine Bullock in particular, a Canadian community activist, author and lecturer did extensive research on the topic of the hijab and published her findings in the form of a book called Rethinking Muslim Women and the Veil which challenges Historical and Modern Stereotypes.  She has also published articles on Muslim women and the media, and Islam and political theory. Purposes of the research The objectives of the study are to examine if the dominant negative Western perception affects the reasons why the Muslim community is divided on the subject of hijab. This research addresses the concern for a dialogue that could inform westernised societies about the personal reasons why some female Muslim students wear hijab and why others do not. I want my research to be meaningful, relevant to local communities and to open my mind and that of others by being taught through research and personal interviews about the subject. Scope and limitations This study was conducted in a very short period of time with a very small sample group as the pool of participants was limited to the Muslim students at TSiBA Education. The data set is meaningful, but not representative of the vast range of Muslims in different contexts. It will however show a diversity of views within a common theology and faith. A more sizable sample within the target group would have provided a larger and more conclusive amount of data. This can have a bias that favours the educated and the youth of Cape Town. Another limitation of my study was that all of the participants belonged to one ethnic group being from the race regarded in South Africa as Coloured. This was due to the fact TSiBA Education is a relatively small university whose Muslim female population is a fraction of the total students of which there were no Muslim women from a different race or culture. The research conducted could have benefitted from a more diverse pool of applicants. Plan of development This research report was compiled in the following manner. Firstly I provide my literature review which I put together for the purpose of exploring what has previously been written on the topic so that you and I may learn from it and be aware of it as we go about this research. Secondly I made a survey form of 3 pages long that contained relevant questions which I derived from the process of compiling the literature review. Thirdly, At random I selected 10 Muslim women studying at TSiBA to be my participants and followed through by conducting my survey about each one of them. Lastly, I analyzed the data obtained from the surveys and make this information available to you while also comparing my research findings to the findings derived from my literature review. METHODOLOGY Literature review The first piece of work I did was conducting research on the topic of the hijab in order to compile a literature review. My literature review took a significant amount of time in relation to how long the actual research demanded. Information was abundant regarding the topic of hijab, modernization, the dominant Western perception and the medias role in the portrayal of Muslim women that I found it particularly challenging to sift out important points from the all information available. My literature review saw two sessions of editing with my Communications lecturer who helped me construct and organized the important information once I identified it. Participation The target group for the research was initially 20 South African Muslim women between the ages of 18 and 40. This age group was the target of this study because they were the current generation of TSiBA students and were experiencing modern South Africa in a time when it seemed there was an ever increasing influx of Western culture after Apartheid. The age group is also likely to include married women who might be inclined to think differently about the hijab as their marriage might have changed the way each looks at the hijab. The participants of my research were all female as I had hoped, but unfortunately all of them belonged to one ethnic group being from the race regarded in South Africa as Coloured. There were 2 married women, and 8 unmarried women. 5 of them wore hijab and 5 of them were women who choose not to. Method of data collection One method of obtaining data was employed. The research draws on qualitative data from comprehensive surveys conducted on 10 Muslim students regarding hijab. The survey was constructed in a manner that it took students approximately 5 minutes to complete. After many different drafts of the survey I went to the Tertiary School in Business Administration (TSiBA) Education to distribute the final version. My survey included the opinions of both young women who wear the hijab and those that do not. I did not ask for names in any section of the survey to ensure the anonymity of all my human subjects. In the end I collected 10 surveys in total which was a smaller sample group than I had initially hoped. After gathering the surveys, I analyzed the results manually. LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction The debate regarding the wearing of religious garb in public, specifically coverings worn by Muslim women has increased over the past few years resulting in a lot of controversy among those who agree with the practice and those who do not (iqraonline.net). Hijab is seen all over the world, especially in places with a high concentration of practicing Muslims. The hijab has resulted in severe media disputes and now denotes the difference of cultures. The French, along with the west expected that the hijab would pass away into history as westernization and secularization took root. However, in the Muslim world, especially among the younger generation, a great wave of returning to hijab was spreading through various countries. This current resurgence is an expression of Islamic revival (Nakata, 1994). The Topic of Hijab External to South Africa The views of feminists The Western media and feminists often portray the  hijab  as a symbol of oppression and slavery of women (www.al-islam.org). A theory of Orientalism has been in existence since 1978 which argues that the Muslim population is deemed backward, uncivilized beings who are outcasts in Western society (Said, 1978). Many feminists, both Western and Islamic argue that the hijab is a symbol of gender oppression and that the Islamic veiling of women is an oppressive practice. Fadel Amara, an Islamic feminist and Muslim female member of French government describes the burqa as a prison and a straightjacket which is not religious but is the symbol of a tyrannical political project for sexual inequality (King, 299.). Feminists argue that public presence and visibility is important to Western women. This overlaps sexism and racism as well as there are two arguments made by feminists who are divided on the topic of the hijab. a) The argument of oppression One argument is for hijab to be banned in public as they encourage the harassment of women who are unveiled and because public presence and visibility represents their struggle for economic independence, sexual agency and political participation. In the Western culture, celebrities are regarded as trend-setters defining what is acceptable. The hijab is therefore also seen as a problem because it poses challenge to the view of unconventional visibility and freedom of self-expression. (www.theage.com). Although it is true that many women do choose to wear the hijab, it is not the case for all women. In many Middle Eastern and North African countries women are forced, persecuted and abused for noncompliance with the hijab. This was demonstrated in Pakistan where an extremist killed a womens activist and government minister because she refused to wear the hijab. King states, From Afghanistan to Algeria to Sudan, Pakistan and Iran- women are systematically brutalized and caught in a deadl y crossfire between the secular and fundamentalist forces. Some Islamic feminists argue that although the statement in the Quran about women covering themselves was not meant to oppress women, the interpretation of those verses by Islamic societies does in fact oppress women. Although it can be argued that the hijab is a symbol of the oppression that occurs against women in Islam, many Islamic women dont agree. It is true that under some Islamist rule, specifically in some North African countries, Afghanistan, Iran, and Saudi Arabia women are oppressed and forced to wear the hijab, but in an international context, this is the exception to the rule regarding womens practices of wearing the veil. Salma Yaqoob, a Muslim woman who chooses to wear the hijab explains the veil is not only an oppressing force in Islamic countries that require the veil, but also in Western countries that ban the veil. Yaqoob adamantly contends that by infringing laws that restricts womens choice on whether or not to wear the veil, they are also being oppressed. I am opposed to the Saudi and Iranian governments imposition of the veil and that of the Taliban previously. But this is also why I oppose the ban on wearing the hijab. In both cases the woman herself is no longer free to make a choice. In both cases her dignity is violated. Yaqoob explains that more women are currently banned from wearing the hijab, than are required to wear it. b) The argument of liberation It can be argued that rather than oppressing, the hijab is liberating. The second argument made by feminists supports the argument of fundamentalist Islamic leaders who argue that Muslim women have the right to choose to wear or not to wear a hijab as it is part of a Muslim womans duty to wear a hijab. These feminists demand that the French ban be withdrawn because they believe the oppressing force behind the veil is when authority figures, both Islamic and Western, take away a womans right to choose. They defend the veil as a mark of agency, cultural membership, and defiance. Tayyab Bashart, a feminist scholar and Muslim who teaches in France explains her beliefs A woman in hijab, who is a functioning member of society, symbolizes an empowered, independent woman, rather than someone who lacks self-determination and is a puppet of society (Basharat, 2006). The veil itself is just a piece of cloth. Human beings interpret the hijab according to social and religious constructions. Throu gh the Western discussion and banning of the hijab in public schools, the Muslim school girls of France lose their freedom to express their spirituality. The desired effect of the 2004 law is to fight gender oppression and inequality in the public school system, but as a residual effect, it actually diminishes womens freedoms rather than enhancing them. The law on the headscarf supports the oppressing Western discourses about veiled women and attempts to Westernize French Muslim schoolgirls. Western Governments In Islamic countries like Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan and Iran, the full covering, more commonly known as the burqa, has been made compulsory upon female citizens. In contrast to this, the unwillingness to understand the religion and culture of Muslims has resulted in traditional clothing such as the burqa and the hijab being banned with the hope of Westernised societies achieving secularism in Islamic countries. Katherine Bullock shines light on the differences in judgment over hijab by having identified themes from her research on women and the religion of Islam. She divides these themes into the descriptions of those who are for and those who are against the hijab. According to Bullock, critics of the veil rely on secular liberal assumptions about society and human nature and therefore the veil is supposed to be and described as a symbol of oppression because it: Covers up (hides), in the sense of smothering, femininity Is apparently linked to the essentialized male and female difference (which is taken to mean that by nature, male is superior, female is inferior); Is linked to a particular view of womans place (subjugated in the home); Is linked to an oppressive (patriarchal) notion of morality and female purity (because of Islams Emphasis on chastity, marriage, and condemnation of pre- and extra-marital sexual relations); Can be imposed; and Is linked to a package of oppressions women in Islam face, such as seclusion, polygamy, easy male divorce, unequal inheritance rights. Western countries has developed this view and disregarded other views of what public visibility may be to different women with differing beliefs. (www.theage.com).An example of this is that France has decided upon the banning of the hijab to be worn in schools. Frances 2004 law, popularly referred to as the law on the headscarf, reveals the difficulty of respecting conflicting ideas between diverse communities, especially when one community, in this case the Muslims of France, is a minority. According to this law, female students are banned from wearing the hijab as well as all other openly religious symbols in public schools. France bans women from wearing the hijab in public schools because many feminists and lawmakers argue that veiling women serves as an oppressing force, a force that silences women. Alia Al- Sari states in her article The Racialization of Muslim Veils: A Philosophical Analysis many feminists see the headscarf As a symbol of Islamic gender oppression that à ¢Ã¢â €š ¬Ã‚ ¦should be banned from public schools, a space where gender equality is presumed (or desired). Supporters of the law believe it fights gender oppression and gives equality to women in the school system. Media attitudes in reporting Islam and hijab While the media cannot be the only party held accountable or blamed for societal attitudes towards smaller cultures and religions, theses media moguls create the lens through which reality is perceived (Bullock Jafri, 2000). Western media sees itself as a democratic powerhouse and therefore is frequently answerable for legitimising and distributing racism and bias against religious communities such as Muslims (Bullock Jafri, 2000). The media in Westernised societies portrays Muslims as tricky, sleazy, sexual and untrustworthy, as uniformly violent, as oppressors of women, and as members of a global conspiracy (Bullock Jafri, 2000). For example, in 1998 a shift was noted regarding the European medias depiction of women who wear the hijab. Veiled women were no longer portrayed as exotic but instead as a threat to society (Macmaster Lewis, 1998,). This highlights the contrasting representations of Muslim women as concurrently being oppressed and threatening. In 2005 Begum argues that these images of Islamic dress were increasingly used in the media as visual shorthand for treacherous extremism, and that Muslims living in Europe were suffering from the consequences of these associations (Begum, 2005). The increase of these media portrayals and political deliberation has segregated the Muslim community and had a further disruptive effect on society and feminism at large. (Begum, 2005) Since then, the media in France reported on a women who was suspended for wearing a hijab under her hat while working as a meter reader, a fashion show of veiled women that was banned, the hindrance of hijab-wearing mothers from volunteering in schools, the refusal of cafeteria service to a student wearing a hijab and the banning of a witness to a civil service wedding from signing the documentation based on the argument that hijab prevented her from proper identification. Many authors on this topic dispute that because of the medias cultural fascination with Muslim womens dress as symbols of oppression, Muslim women often have to resort to focusing on that facet of their identity as well, even if they would rather discuss something else. These authors state that even cases of responsible journalism have a propensity to devalue Muslim women. This is because Muslim women are primarily depicted as exotic, victimised, or threatening outcasts rather than your ordinary peaceful next door neighbours. (www.reportingdiversity.org.) It is evident that the hijab remains a hot topic in Western countries and that the wellbeing and identities of Muslim women in Westernised societies are related to the wearing of the headscarf as a consequence. Hijab within the Muslim Community The opinions of Muslim women vary in their decision about whether or not to wear the hijab. The hijab, according to many Muslims, has multiple uses and meanings. The hijab is a symbolic of modesty and morality. According to Islam, the hijab functions as a shield for a woman against the lustful gaze of men. The hijab also serves as a cover to preserve the modesty and piety of the woman, as that is her main role as stated in the Quran. The most basic debate over the hijab is over the requirement of the hijab. This is an issue that is debated by many Muslim scholars. First in order to understand why there is an issue it is important to understand the power of the Quran. The Quran is the word of God brought to humanity by his last messenger the Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him). Islam is the religion of total submission to Allah (God the Father) and obedience to Allah. As the Quran is Gods word then it also means total submission and obedience to Quran. The first issue with the requirement of the hijab comes from whether the hijab is in the Quran or not. There are two sides to this argument; there are those who say that the hijab is a requirement because it is in the Quran and those who say that it is not because it is not part of the Quran Reasons why Muslim Women wear the hijab The laws of the Quran Amr Khaleds, a popular Islamic scholar, layman, and highly influential Muslim speaker, represents the school of thought that considers the hijab to be directly in the Quran and thus a requirement for Muslim women. He quotes these Quranic verses that make the hijab obligatory to Muslim women. O Prophet! Tell your wives and your daughters and the women of the believers to draw their cloaks (veils) all over their bodies. That will be better, that they should be known (as free respectable women) so as not to be annoyed. And ALLAH is Ever Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful (Surah 33: verse 59). In this verse women are told to cover their bodies so that they should be known as modest women and are not harassed. According to Amr Khalads lecture Al-Hijab, the hijab also serves the purpose of forcing men to not sexually objectify women but to see her as a vessel of intelligence and high moral values. Khalad says that the hijab reinforces the fact that Islam has placed the beauty of a female on a higher value in the eyes of men by providing protection of her beauty from uncontrolled lusts and desires, and instead ordering men to respect greater the inner beauty of her soul. Thus, the real value of women is associated with the degree of her modesty and her abidance by it (Khaled Al-Hijab). Yaqoob states her personal reasons why she wears the veil, For me, the wearing of the hijab denotes that as a woman I expect to be treated as an equal in terms of my intellect and personality and my appearance is relevant only to the degree that I want it to be, when I want it to be.. This is the traditional Islamic rational for the hijab and why it is important in Islam (Khalad AlHijab). A symbol of resistance A study about hijab in the West also provides another theory that I believe can also be applied in South Africa because it is a country heavily influenced by the West. The idea of the hijab as a symbol of resistance is explored by Tarik Kulenovic but not necessarily one that is strictly political. Tarik Kulenovics theory suggests that the hijab in the West is a matter of identity, a physical symbol of a womans Muslim identity. This symbol also carries a message of religiosity in a modernizing society which encourages a secular life style and scorns tradition. Kulenovic asserts that the modern identity of Muslim women, which includes the wearing of the veil, is primarily the identity of resistance to the values that individuals find foreign to them and as such imposed on them (Kulenovic, page 717). Thus, in modern society, the hijab can be thought of as a means of retaining a religious life style while assimilating to the demands of the modern world. Another reason women choose to wea r the hijab is that they find that the hijab serves as an empowering factor. The Interpretation of the hijab by those who wear it Katherine Bullock, through her research, provides some reasons why women wear the hijab. The hijab to these wearers: 1. Does not smother femininity; 2. Brings to mind the different-but-equal school of thought, but does not put forward essentalized male-female difference; 3. Is linked to a view that does not limit women to the home, but neither does it consider the role of stay-at-home-mother and homemaker oppressive; 4. Is linked to a view of morality that is oppressive only if one considers the prohibition of sexual relations outside marriage wrong; 5. Is part of Islamic law, though a law that ought to be implemented in a very wise and women-friendly manner, and 6. Can and should be treated separately from other issues of womens rights in Islam. Spirituality Some women have a deep spiritual and religious connection to the veil and firmly disagree with the view of it as a sign of oppression. Many Muslim women feel uncomfortable without wearing it because the hijab is deeply-rooted in their personal values and religious tradition. A main reason women choose to wear the hijab, is as expression of spirituality. Bashart states in his book that Muslim women carry with them their sacred private space into the public space by use of the Hijab. In this view of the hijab, the veil is not simply an article of clothing; or a symbol of oppression it is a tool of spirituality for women. Fadwa El Guindi, author of The Veil: Modesty, Privacy and Resistance, says veiling patterns and veiling behaviour are. about sacred privacy, sanctity and the rhythmic interweaving of patterns of worldly and sacred life, linking women as the guardians of family sanctuaries and the realm of the sacred in this world. Reasons why Muslim Women do not wear the hijab In the Quranic this verse although it says to draw the cloak all over their bodies, it does not specifically say the hair. In addition, it does not specify in what way, to what extent, and in what manner women should cover themselves. There are many modern alternative views to this idea that the hijab is compulsory because it is in the Quran. For example, Dr.Reza Alsan, an internationally acclaimed writer and scholar of religions, the founder of AslanMedia.com and also one of the leading scholars in the alternative view, considers the hijab not an obligatory aspect of being a Muslim woman. Aslan claims that the hijab is shockingly not compulsory upon Muslim women anywhere in the Quran. Instead he claims that the veil was an Arab culture before the arrival of Islam, through contact with Syria and Iran, where the veil was the sign of the upper class women. According to Lelia Ahmed and those who fall in the second school of thought like Aslan, the only places that the hijab is applied t o women is when it is addressing the wives of Prophet Muhammad. Thus the veil was only associated with the prophets wives and his daughters not all women of Islam. This school of thought does not deny that modesty was expected of all believers. Believing women are instructed to guard their private parts and drape a cover over their breasts when in the presence of strange men (Surah 24:31-32) as quoted by Aslan. Here specific parts of the body are named that women should guard and cover including the private parts and the breast but the hair is not mentioned. Thus those in this school of thought like Leila Ahmed and Reza Alsan do not believe that the hijab is mandatory for Muslim women because it is not mentioned in the Quran. Conclusion of Literature review This research investigates the reasons why the Muslim community is divided on the subject of the veil and if the dominant negative perception of hijab (as the hijab being oppressive) has affected, if at all, the wearing of hijab in TSiBA Education. In the attempt to answer this question, the research has presented two hypotheses: (1) Living in South Africa, a country with great Western influence, causes some Muslim women to fear wearing the hijab and to abandon it all together (2) Muslim women choose to wear the hijab for spirituality reasons despite constant the pressures of the West 5. RESULTS OF OBSERVATIONS While analyzing the results, I was interested to see if there would be a correlation between the findings in my literature review and the results of my research. My data collection was a result of 10 surveys this research revealed that my two hypotheses were in agreement with a majority of this small sample of subjects. The data collected represents the opinions and beliefs of a total of 10 human participants which is 50% of the total intended target group. Thus, the data collected must only be interpreted as speculative and cannot be assumed applicable to all Muslim women or all Muslim female students. The results were as follows: 5 of the 10 participants wore the hijab. 3 of those 5 said that they strongly agree to wearing the hijab for religious reasons while 2 participants said they agree that they wear it for religious reasons but that religion is not the main reason why they wear the hijab. 3 out of the 5 Muslim wear the hijab even though the hijab makes them feel like they dont fit in with their peers. 1 person however does feel that she fits in with her peers and in her community because she wears the hijab. The hijab makes all five participants who wear the hijab feel protected and safe in public. 3 of them strongly agreed while 2 agreed. 5 participants said that all Muslim women should wear hijab when asked if they believe all Muslim women should wear the hijab, the opinions were 50/50. Interestingly, Out of the 5 participants that wear the hijab, 1 person said that she does not believe all Muslim women should wear hijab; 1 woman who does not wear the hijab said that even though she doesnt wear the hijab yet, she believes all Muslim women should wear the hijab. When asked if women who do not wear the hijab can be good Muslims: 8 women agreed that Muslim women can be good Muslims if they do not wear the hijab, 1 participant had no opinion saying one shouldnt judge, if you judge, what kind of Muslim does that make you?, 1 said Muslim women cannot be good if they do not practice the hijab. When asked for their definition of hijab, 60% defined it as covering with loose fitting clothes, 20% said all forms acceptable and 20% just covering your hair. The rating (1= no influence, 5= influenced but not explicitly forced,10 = I had no choice) of influence of family on participants choice to wear or not to wear hijab: From the 5 participants who wear hijab, 1 rated a 5, 1 rated a 6, 1 rated an 8 elaborating that her parents are religiously strict, 1 rated a 2, and 1 rated a 7 saying that the sudden death of her aunt influenced her choices in life and her consideration of the hijab. From the 5 participants who do not wear the hijab, 2 participants rated 5; 2 rated the influence of their family as a 1 and 1 participant rated 9 saying that her family allows her choice not to wear the hijab. The limitations section showed that all participants felt free to drive a car, study at a university, find a job, travel freely outside of Cape Town, own a computer and have access to the internet. 5 participants felt that they were not hired for a job because they wear the hijab while 1 participant said that she is new to wearing the hijab so the question is not applicable to her No participants felt that they were not hired because of NOT wearing the hijab TSIBA Womens view on the issue/view of hijab in the West 9 participants agree that the West (Europe and America) has a dominantly negative view on hijab. 1 participant had no opinion When asked their opinion of the Western perception and the West should continue not to encourage women to wear the hijab. 4 participants strongly disagree, 3 disagree, 3 had no opinion and 1 participant said she strongly agrees. When asked if they thought the West is ill-informed and should make more of an effort to understand the hijab and why Muslim women wear it: 6 participants said they strongly agree , 3 agreed and 1 participants said she had no opinion. 6 participants have friends from the West while the remaining 4 do not. DISCUSSION This research investigates the debate regarding the reasons why some Muslim women wear hypotheses were confirmed in a majority of this small sample group. In the attempt to answer these questions, the research has presented two hypotheses suggesting that: (1) Living in South Africa, a country with great Western influence, causes some Muslim women to fear wearing the hijab and to abandon it all together. (2)The main reason Muslim women choose to wear the hijab is for spirituality reasons despite the constant the pressures of the dominant Western perception. Defining the hijab The point of view unknown to me before starting my research was that there are Muslim women who did not know that there were differing interpretations about what the hijab is tangibly. In fact, from the surveys it is evident that amongst Muslims there is a concept of a correct hijab and an incorrect hijab. Before my research commenced, the purpose of the research was not intended to identify whether my target population was aware that many Muslims have differing beliefs the hijab. My research revealed that within the Muslim community there exist different interpretations of what the hijab is tangibly. 60% of participants claimed that the correct physical hijab is a head scarf and long loose fitting clothing that conceals the shape